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Justin Martyr, also known as Saint Justin (100 – 165 AD), was an early Christian apologist, and is regarded as the foremost interpreter of the theory of the Logos in the 2nd century.〔Rokeah (2002) ''Justin Martyr and the Jews'' p.22.〕 He was martyred, alongside some of his students, and is considered a saint by the Roman Catholic Church,〔(【引用サイトリンク】 url = http://www.catholic.org/saints/saint.php?saint_id=4144 )〕 the Anglican Church,〔(【引用サイトリンク】 url = http://dl.dropbox.com/u/4905842/Liturgy/ForAlltheSaints.pdf )〕 and the Eastern Orthodox Church.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 url = http://www.goarch.org/chapel/saints/73 )〕 Most of his works are lost, but two apologies and a dialogue did survive. The ''First Apology'', his most well known text, passionately defends the morality of the Christian life, and provides various ethical and philosophical arguments to convince the Roman emperor, Antoninus, to abandon the persecution of the fledgling sect. Further, he also indicates, as St Augustine did regarding the "true religion" that predated Christianity,〔The very thing which is now called the Christian religion existed among the ancients also, nor was it wanting from the inception of the human race until the coming of Christ in the flesh, at which point the true religion which was already in existence began to be called Christian." – St. Augustine, Retractiones〕 that the "seeds of Christianity" (manifestations of the Logos acting in history) actually predated Christ's incarnation. This notion allows him to claim many historical Greek philosophers (including Socrates and Plato), in whose works he was well studied, as unknowing Christians. ==Life== Justin Martyr was born at Flavia Neapolis (today Nablus) in Judaea into a pagan family, and defined himself as a Gentile.〔Craig D. Allert, ''Revelation, Truth, Canon, and Interpretation: Studies in Justin Martyr's Dialogue With Trypho'', page 28 (Leiden, Brill, 2002). ISBN 90-04-12619-8〕 His grandfather, Bacchius, had a Greek name, while his father, Priscus, bore a Latin name, which has led to speculations that his ancestors may have settled in Neapolis soon after its establishment or that they were descended from a Roman "diplomatic" community that had been sent there.〔Reinhold Plummer,''Early Christian authors on Samaritans and Samaritanism,'' Mohr Siebeck, 2002 p.14.〕 In the opening of the ''Dialogue'', Justin describes his early education, stating that his initial studies left him unsatisfied due to their failure to provide a belief system that would provide theological and metaphysical inspiration to their young pupil. He says he tried first the school of a Stoic philosopher, who was unable to explain God's being to him. He then attended a Peripatetic philosopher but was put off because the philosopher was too eager for his fee. Then he went to hear a Pythagorean philosopher who demanded that he first learn music, astronomy and geometry, which he did not wish to do. Subsequently, he adopted Platonism after encountering a Platonist thinker who had recently settled in his city. Some time afterwards, he chanced upon an old man, possibly a Syrian Christian,〔Oskar Skarsaune, ''The proof from prophecy: a study in Justin Martyr's proof-text tradition:text-type, provenance, theological profile,'' Brill, 1987 p.246.〕 in the vicinity of the seashore, who engaged him in a dialogue about God and spoke of the testimony of the prophets as being more reliable than the reasoning of philosophers. Moved by the aged man's argument, Justin renounced both his former religious faith and his philosophical background, choosing instead to re-dedicate his life to the service of the Divine. His newfound convictions were only bolstered by the ascetic lives of the early Christians and the heroic example of the martyrs, whose piety convinced him of the moral and spiritual superiority of Christian doctrine. As a result, he thenceforth decided that the only option for him was to travel throughout the land, spreading the knowledge of Christianity as the "true philosophy." His conversion is commonly assumed to have taken place at Ephesus〔J. Quasten, ''Patrology'' vol. 1, p.196-7.〕〔Plummer, 2002 p.15.〕 though it may have occurred anywhere on the road from Judaea to Rome.〔Skarsaune, ''The proof from prophecy,''pp.245-6 and notes 1 and 2.〕 He then adopted the dress of a philosopher himself and traveled about teaching. During the reign of Antoninus Pius (138-161), he arrived in Rome and started his own school. Tatian was one of his pupils.〔Marian Hillar, ''From Logos to Trinity: The Evolution of Religious Beliefs from Pythagoras to Tertullian'', page 139 (Cambridge University Press, 2012). ISBN 978-1-107-01330-8〕 In the reign of Marcus Aurelius, after disputing with the cynic philosopher Crescens, he was denounced by the latter to the authorities, according to Tatian (Address to the Greeks 19) and Eusebius (HE IV 16.7-8). Justin was tried, together with six companions, by Junius Rusticus, who was urban prefect from 163-167, and was beheaded. Though the precise year of his death is uncertain, it can reasonably be dated by the prefectoral term of Rusticus (who governed from 162 and 168). The martyrdom of Justin preserves the court record of the trial.〔 The church of St. John the Baptist in Sacrofano, a few miles north of Rome, claims to have his relics.〔''Sacrofano - Church of Saint John the Baptist'', "...the bones of St. Justin are preserved in a great urn under the coloured marble high altar, built in 1515." ()〕 The Church of the Jesuits in Valletta, Malta, founded by Papal decree in 1592 also boasts relics of this second century Saint.〔Wikipedia article on Church of the Jesuits.〕 In 1882 Pope Leo XIII had a Mass and an Office composed for his feast day, which he set at 14 April,〔(Catholic Encyclopedia: ''St. Justin Martyr'' )〕 one day after the date of his death as indicated in the Martyrology of Florus; but since this date quite often falls within the main Paschal celebrations, the feast was moved in 1968 to 1 June, the date on which he has been celebrated in the Byzantine Rite since at least the 9th century.〔Calendarium Romanum (Libreria Editrice Vaticana 1969), p. 94〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Justin Martyr」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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